/Parent 5 0 R /Resources << Gerontology and Social Exchange Theory. /Title /P (5) endobj >> 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R] /Thumb 95 0 R endobj 10 0 obj /Parent 15 0 R /Thumb 82 0 R << /Helv 19 0 R << It develops with the individual to meet their needs on a personal level and takes into consideration what the body and mind have both gone through as they have aged. >> 19 0 obj /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 11.0 \(Windows\)) endobj The graduate considers leaving the current job and starting his or her own company. /Annots [96 0 R 97 0 R] While earlier theories of aging were few in number, narrowly focused, and generally negative, recent theories have emerged that establish aging as a multidimensional process. The theory of social exchange is uniquely applied in different fields. /Thumb 99 0 R /Font << /P (4) 2016-06-01T19:25:18+05:30 /G10 38 0 R Alternative theories based on a symbolic interaction perspective were developed to address external issues affecting aging while also attempting to connect the disparate theories of activity and disengagement. These differences force aging individuals to change themselves and their lifestyles to fit income, health and physical care policy constraints forced on them. >> Age stratification acknowledges the differences experienced by those sharing a similar history. endobj Social exchange theory basically explains the behavior of people while exchanging something. The social exchange theory advocates that all human relationships are formed by using a cost-benefit analysis and comparison with alternatives. For example, when a person perceives the costs of a relationship over the profits made, the person, according to this theory, leaves the relationship. This theory has its roots in economics, psychology and sociology. endobj /Type /Font 12 0 obj 29 0 obj /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 504.567 720] endobj 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R Due to these inequalities all other theories of aging are insufficient. /MediaBox [0 0 594.95996 840.95996] << By clicking Send Me The Sample you agree on the. (657), 4.9 << >> Gerotrancendence follows the beliefs of Jung and Erikson that as a person ages, they withdraw from the external world to an internal world focused on spirituality, wisdom, self-acceptance and purpose. This provides a solid framework for aging that meets the needs of an individual from both physical and mental capacities. /Parent 15 0 R /Type /Font /dotlessi /lslash /oe /scaron /zcaron 160 /Euro 164 /currency 166 /Dest /Annots [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R >> /Title () << /Length 3529 /Metadata 3 0 R Political economy critiques the current system which lulls the individual into believing one has to adapt to circumstances, rather than changing society’s structural inequalities. /Annots [68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R] Eventually, however, he or she comes to realize that his or her supervisor does not treat the graduate with respect, and he or she is so overworked that there is little time to enjoy the large salary. /CropBox [0 0 504.567 720] Social Exchange Theory application in the family Social exchange theory has numerous applications to working with families. If the person says yes, you have gained a reward and are likely to repeat the interaction by asking that person out again, or by asking someone else out. This theory is based on the assumption that people only act individually, and ignore group decisions. The genesis of social exchange theory goes back to 1958, when American sociologist George Homans published an article entitled “Social Behavior as Exchange.” Homans devised a framework built on a combination of behaviorism and basic economics. /Parent 23 0 R Rewards in a relationship include companionship, being cared for and sex /V /2.2 /ca 1 It does not entertain the concept of altruism. American sociologist George Homans is credited as the founder of social exchange theory, however he was not the first one to study this phenomenon. /ordmasculine 188 /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters 192 /Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde 21 0 obj >> endobj /Parent 15 0 R For example, Sprecher (2001) found that Comparison Levels for alternatives were a strong predictor of commitment in a relationship and that rewards were important as a predictor of satisfaction, especially for women. Social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY. /CreationDate (D:20160601192518+05'30') /PageLayout /SinglePage Exchange ideology also strengthens the effects of equal opportunity and attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction and procedural Cropanzano, Mitchell / Social Exchange Theory 877 /BM /Normal Social Gerontological Theory Before 1961: Role and Activity • Activity theory defines aging as a social problem that can be addressed by trying to retain status, roles, and behaviors similar to those of earlier life stages • Activity theory is consistent with value placed by our society on paid work, individual responsibility, and productivity /MediaBox [0 0 504.567 720] Critical theory refers to the biomedical model of aging, but focuses on structural and institution factors. also offered here. /LC 0 Boston: Allyn and Bacon. /Parent 15 0 R >> /Type /Page This variability is frequently confounded by the symptoms of underlying pathology and invariably increases between individuals with aging. Disengagement attempted to explain this process of power transfer and complimented gerotrancendence, another theory from what is considered to be the first transformation of theory. 33 0 obj << exchange ideology significantly increased satisfaction with training (Witt & Broach, 1993) and manager-rated commitment (Witt, Kacmar, & Andrews, 2001). stream /MediaBox [0 0 504.567 720] 3 0 obj Acrobat Distiller 11.0 (Windows) Postmodernist and social constructivist theories share the link of knowledge as a socially constructed element and each individual’s social life events create who they are. /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis /eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde There are many similarities and differences between these theories. Start studying Social Theories of Aging. /Thumb 105 0 R m�k���N�� 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R << /Type /Pages 24 0 obj The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. << /Pages 15 0 R /Encoding 18 0 R /Title Structural factors of gender, sexual orientation, functional ability, race, age and class can have negative effects that limit an individual’s later opportunities. /Width 320 >> /SigFlags 2 /Rotate 0 /Resources 81 0 R 1 0 obj 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R endobj From this perspective, the client is an investment that must be properly managed and cultivated. Howe, C. Z. This approach would view how an individual structures their life which shapes their old age experiences. Thibaut and Kelly assume that social interactions are a series of exchanges; individuals in a relationship hope to earn a 'profit' at as little 'cost' of their own. Age stratification and political economy theories are based on the belief that as people age, the differences in their aging experience is significantly influenced by stratification. << /Annots [83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R] 13 0 obj endobj /OS [/Win] /Type /Catalog The Exchange Theory of Aging. It is multifaceted and hierarchical in its expression with subtle changes occurring simultaneously at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels. endobj >> endstream As our society modernized, these assets have been overlooked by a culture that now places importance on efficiency and productivity (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011). 8 0 obj >> What I Have Learned About the Aging Process? << endobj /Parent 15 0 R << /Annots [117 0 R] /Nums [0 6 0 R 1 7 0 R 2 8 0 R 3 9 0 R 4 10 0 R /Font << It is actually derived from a larger theoretical base known as social exchange theory. /SMask 166 0 R /Lang (EN) While these are the dominant theories, many other theories are in varying stages of development. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 15 0 obj (2016, Jun 13). Your Answer is very helpful for Us Thank you a lot! /rgid (PB:303791167_AS:538595548643328@1505422593582) >> << /Count 10 /Type /TransformParams /Resources 74 0 R Example Katherine Miller poses many objections to Social Exchange Theory in her 2005 publication. /Date (Jun 11 2008 22:51:44) stream endobj /Parent 15 0 R /Name (ARE Acrobat Product v8.0 P23 0002337) /F5 44 0 R /Subtype /XML /PageMode /UseOutlines 2016-06-01T19:26:46+05:30 /CropBox [0 0 504.567 720] Homans defined each of these concepts explicitly in his book and various articles. ; activity theory: Activity theory claims that staying mentally and physically active preserves older adults happier. An area that continues to develop in postmodernist theory focuses on biomedical technology that can provide options for reconstructing failing body parts to slow the process of aging. “Social behavior is an exchange of goods, material goods, but also non-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. /Subtype /Type1 A huge factor of perception is that it’s not necessarily reality and lacks proven facts. These theories are all based on assumptions, rather than actual facts. /Thumb 112 0 R /Kids [24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] 18 0 obj >> << Not everyone has the same social definition and or social structures, which could result in numerous interpretations (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). /quoteright /quotesinglbase /trademark /fi /fl /Lslash /OE /Scaron /Ydieresis /Zcaron A younger one theories and older Adult Leisure Involvement: a Review of.. 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